"Neither of these are allowed as authentic Chuang Tzu chapters by certain purists, yet they breathe the very spirit of Chuang Tzu just as much as, for example, the famous 'butterfly passage' of chapter 2." On the one side, as Martin Palmer points out in the introduction to his translation, two of the three chapters Sima Qian cited in his biography of Zhuangzi, come from the "Outer Chapters" and the third from the "Mixed Chapters".
įurther study of the text does not provide a clear choice between these alternatives. The meaning of these three names is disputed: according to Guo Xiang, the "Inner Chapters" were written by Zhuangzi, the "Outer Chapters" written by his disciples, and the "Mixed Chapters" by other hands the other interpretation is that the names refer to the origin of the titles of the chapters-the "Inner Chapters" take their titles from phrases inside the chapter, the "Outer Chapters" from the opening words of the chapters, and the "Mixed Chapters" from a mixture of these two sources. This work, in its current shape consisting of 33 chapters, is traditionally divided into three parts: the first, known as the "Inner Chapters", consists of the first seven chapters the second, known as the "Outer Chapters", consist of the next 15 chapters the last, known as the "Mixed Chapters", consist of the remaining 11 chapters. Zhuangzi is traditionally credited as the author of at least part of the work bearing his name, the Zhuangzi. "Zhuangzi" in seal script (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
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